რეალური სამყარო # 2

amoukidebeli cxovreba - moZraobis istoria.

adamiani, romelmac bolos da bolos moipova Tavisufleba.

jozef Sapiro

 1962 wlis Semodgomaze jeims meriditi misisipis universitetSi leqciaze amerikeli policielebis TanxlebiT mivida. imave saswavlo wels, adamiani, saxelad ed robertsi, romelsac gadatanili hqonda poliomeliti da mTlianad paralizebuli iyo, kaliforniis Statis q. berklSi, universitetis studenti gaxda. rogorc meriditma, ise ed robertsma samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis istoriaSi axali furceli gadaSales da amerikaSi, fizikuri SezRudulobis mqone adamianebis samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis moZraobis fuZemdebelebic gaxdnen.

qalaq berkliSi ed robertsis gamoCenas iseve, rogorc SezRudulobis mqone adamianebis uflebebis dacvis moZraobas, cota vinme Tu amCnevda.  zarzeimiT arc mas Sexvedrian da arc sxvadasxva umciresobebaTa uflebebis damcvel mebrZolebs. Tumca, yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom amerikaSi es umciresoba 43 milioni adamiania. yvelam kargad icis  ras niSnavs  umciresoba, da, rom  nebismieri CvenTagani, nebismier dros SeiZleba SeuerTdes am umciresobas. yvela ojaxisaTvis mniSvnelovania SezRudulobis mqone adamianis samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvisaTvis brZola. 1990 wels SezRudulobis mqone amerikeli moqalaqebisTvis miRebul iqna kanoni, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1992 wels.  es iyo moZraobis aRiarebis pirveli safexuri.

martoobiT gasavleli gza. SezRudulobis mqone adamianTa brZola, samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis. am mimarTulebiT moZraobis dawyeba  da misi Semdgomi ganviTareba sakmaod rTulad mimdinareobda.

moZraobis dawyebis pirvel wlebSi uflebebis damcvelebi ar awydebodnen seriozul dapirispirebebs sazogadoebasa da sazogadoebis mxridan diskriminirebul adamianebs Soris. SezRudulobebis mqone adamianTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvisaTvis brZolam, mxolod erTi, Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis maZiebeli adamianis mxrebze gadaiara. Tavidan, ed robertsi marto cxovrobda saavadmyofos izolatorSi, radganac studenturi saerTo sacxovreblis iataki ver uZlebda 400 kilogramian foladis filtvebs (barokameras), romelSic dRisiT did dros atarebda da RamiT ki  iZinebda. erTxel, adgilobriv gazeTSi gamoqveynda statia saTauriT “umweo xeibari universitetSi swavlobs”, male qalaq berklis universitets sxva SezRuduli  SesaZleblobis mqone studentebma  miaSures. ed robertsi aqtiur studentur garemocvaSi moxvda da, amiT, man erTgvari Tavisufleba igrZno.

1967 wels, qalaq berklis universitetSi ukve 12 mZime fizikuri SezRudulobis mqone adamiani swavlobda, romlebic  kouvelis saavadmyofoSi cxovrobdnen. isini sakuTar Tavs  “etlis tusaRebi”-s eZaxdnen. RamRamobiT, Sexvedrebze, “etlis tusaRebi” da ~foladis filtvebi~, winaaRmdegobebis daZlevis da maTi Tavidan acilebis strategias adgendnen, rac universitetis auditoriaSi da transportSi SeRwevdobis SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofas iTvaliswinebda. roberts saavadmyofoSi SeeZlo Tavisuflad da xmamaRla esaubra Tavis gulistkivilebsa da imedebze. igi yveboda Tu rogor iqca janmraTeli, bednieri, mizanswrafuli, axalgazrda ymawvili avadmyofad. 1953 wels san-franciskoSi, ed robertsis ojaxSi poliomelitis virusi SemoiWra  robertsebis myudro saxli karantinSi moxvda. mogvianebiT yvela gamojanmrTelda 14 wlis edis garda. eqimis azriT, gacilebiT humanuri iqneboda,  igi maRali sicxis dros gardacvliliyo. ramdenime kvira ganmavlobaSi igi sikvdil – sicocxlis zRvarze iyo da mxolod ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, misi odnav ganZrevac ki  RirsSesaniSnaobad iqca. robertsi Tavis megobrebs uyveboda im dabrkolebebis Sesaxeb, romlesac universitetSi swavlisas waawyda  rogor gamoTqvamda wuxils saxelmwifo moxele qars gatanebuli finansebis gamo, im motiviT, rom robertsi verasdros  SeZlebda muSaobas.

iSviaTi Tanamegobroba.  «savarZlis tusaRebs»   erTmaneTis msgavsi bedi da istoriebi hqondaT. mogvianebiT TiToeuli maTgani sxvaTa uflebebis damcveli, da maTTvis magaliTis mimcemi gaxda. magram, am idilias safrTxe daemuqra reabilitaciis saxelmwifo departamentis mrCevlis saxiT, romelmac 1968 wels ori SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone studentis universitetidan garicxva gadawyvita gamocdebis Caubareblobis motiviT.

1969 wels, bevrma maTganma da maT Soris robertsma, politologiaSi sadoqtoro disertacia dawera, magram ar daucavs, radgan isini ar Cqarobdnen swavlis damTavrebas zogi imitom, rom swavla uWirda, zogs ki ubralod sakuTar TanamoZmeebTan urTierTobis gaxangrZliveba undoda. robertsi saTaveSi Caudga ajanyebas. isini daukavSirdnen studentur liberalur organizacias, adgilobriv gazeTSi gamoaqveynes statiebi da administracia aavses peticiebiT. Sedegmac ar daayovna: dainiSna axali gulisxmieri mrCevli da amiT programa gadarCa, magram kouvelSi cxovreba mainc minelda.

robertsis TqmiT “savarZlis tusaRebi” sakuTar Tavs pacientebad ki ara saxelmwifo moxeleTa klientebad unda miiCnevdnen, da aRar unda sWirdebodeT biurokratiuli finansuri aparatis warmomadgenlebTan xvewna-mudara. garda amisa, robertsi Tvlida, rom saavadmyofoSi cxovreba samarcxvinoa- mxolod dRisiT xar studenti, danarCen dros ki avadmyofi.

Tavidan maT gadawyvites studenturi qalaqis farglebs gareT saerTo sacxovrebeli moeZebnaT, magram zogierTebi am gadawyvetilebas win aRudgnen - bolos da bolos mTeli cxovreba SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa saZmos wevrebi xom ar viqnebiT-o. arc kouvelis datoveba iyo advili. erTma maTganma scada kidec wasvla, magram imedgacruebuli  dabrunda, radganac ver SeZlo iseTi sacxovreblis povna, romelic etlSi mjdomi adamianias gamodgeboda.

garRveva mainc moxda 1970 wels, robertsis nacnobebis daxmarebiT studentebs saSualeba miecaT federaluri mmarTvelobisagan sufsidiebi mieRoT. SeimuSaves programa _ “SezRuduli  SesaZleblobis mqone studentebi”, romlis Stabbina studqalaqSi moewyo. saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone studentebis informireba: rogor aecilebinaT Tavidan biurokratiuli barierebi, rogor moeZebnaT maTTvis xelsayreli sacxovrebeli farTi, anda adamiani _ romelic maT saWmlis momzadebasa da savarZlis gadaadgilebaSi daexmareboda.

Tavisuflebisken mimaval gzaze ed robertsisaTvis yelaze didi dabrkoleba uzarmazari etli aRmoCnda, romelic oTx kedelSi gamoketili adamianisTvis erTaderT gadaadgilebis saSualebas warmoadgenda. raRa Tqma unda, etli verafriT Cadgeboda radikalurad ganwyobili studentebis avangardSi, romlebic studqalaqSi mjdomare “sayelurebiTa” da “sazurgeebiT” moarulTa Sesaxeb Camoyalibebuli stereotipebis dasangrevad ibrZodnen. garda amisa, etlebi xSirad imtvreoda. amis gamo am adamianebs, etlis SekeTebis molodinSi, gakveTilebis gacdena uxdebodaT. sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, programis farglebSi gaixsna saxelosno, sadac 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobdnen TviTnaswavli ostatebi, romlebic pirdapir saocrebebs sCadiodnen. isini ara marto etlis SekeTebaze, aramed mis srluyofazec muSaobdnen. programam “SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone adamiani - studenti”  maSinve moipova aRiareba da wateba. magram gaCnda erTi problema: - daxmarebis miRebis msurvelTa uzarmazariarm armia, romelic sxvadasaxva sferoSi dasaqmebuli SeRzuduli SesaZleblobis mqone adamianebisgan - arastudentebisagan Sedgeboda. da, ai, 1972 wels robertsma da misma Tanamoazreebma Camoayalibes “damoukidebeli cxovrebis centri”, romelic igive principiT muSaobda, rogorc programa “SezRuduli  SesaZleblobis mqone studentebi”. centrs xelmZRvanelobdnen SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar problemebs socialur WrilSi ganixilavdnen da maTi muSaobis prioritets warmoadgenda SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone adamianebis samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi integrireba.

lozungi “damoukideblobisaTvis”. problemisadmi Semdegi midgoma  radikaluri iyo. jandacvisa da socialuri samsaxurebi fizikur SezRudvas tradiciulad avadmyofobad ganixilavdnen. Tu avadmyofebze ki unda ezrunaT saxlSi, saavadmyofoSi anda specialur dawesebulebebSi. aseTi adamianebis damoukideblobis xarisxi ganisazRvreboda imisda mixedviT, Tu ra manZilis gaivlida igi damoukideblad avadmyofobis Semdeg, an,  ramdenad moxrida igi fexs avtokatastrofis Semdeg. robertsis da mis TanamoazreebisaTvis ki adamianis damoukidebloba pirdapirproporciulia iyo mis SesaZleblobebTan, imasTan Tu, - ramdenad iyo igi sakuTari cxovrebis baton – patroni gamyolisa da sacxovreblis arCevis TvalsazrisiT. SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piris damoukideblobis xarisxi izomeba ara mis mier dauxmareblad Sesrulebuli samuSaos mixedviT, aramed am samuSos xarisxiT.

robertsi, 1975 wlis kaliforniis reabilitaciis departamentis xelmZRvanelad daniSvnamde, damoukidebeli cxovrebis centrs xelmZRvanelobda. is am Tanamdebobaze daniSvnas bedis ironias miawerda. radgan saTaveSi Caudga departaments, romelmac 15 wlis win daaskvna, rom igi verasodes imuSavebda radganac es mis SesaZleblobebs aRemateboda.

samocdaaTiani wlebis bolos berkliSi mTeli qveynidan daiwyes Casvla SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone adamianebma. maT Soris iyo niu-iorkeli  judi hiumani, romelic poliomielitis gamo iyo paralizebuli. igi gaxldaT metyvelebis aRdgenis specialisti da survili hqonda dawyebiTi klasis pedagogi gamxdariyo, magram mas uari uTxres im motiviT, rom igi eqstremalur situaciaSi ver SeZlebda bavSvebis evakuacias. man sarCeli Seitana niu-iorkis ganaTlebis ganyofilebis winaaRmdeg da reportiorebs mkacrad ganucxada: “Cven am TvalTmaqc xelisuflebas uflebas ar mivcemT jer simboluri ganaTleba mogvces da Semdeg uproblemod dagvasamaros”. presis gavleniT ganyofilebam far-xmali dayara, magram skolis direqtorebi mas samsaxurSi ayvanaze mainc uars eubnebodnen.

protestis formebi.  judim brZolaSi moulodnelad mxardaWera miiRo. niu-iorkis aTiaTasobiT SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirma sakuTari diskriminaciis Sesaxeb xmamaRali gancxadebebi gaakeTa. ocdaori wlis hiumanma robertsis organizaciisagan gansxvavebiT, konkretuli istoriebis safuZvelze, Seqmna SezRudululobis mqone adamianTa uflebebis dacvis jgufi,  romlis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba koncentrirebuli iyo sayofacxovrebo problemebis mogvarebaze. hiumanis organizacia “SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebi brZolaSi” gamodioda politikuri moTxovnebiT da rodesac robertsma 1973 wels hiumani Tavis centrSi samuSaod miiwvia, problemisadmi ori sxvadasxva midgoma  protesti diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg da damoukideblobisaken swrafva, erT lozungad gaerTianda ramac moZraoba damoukidebeli cxovrebis wesis damkvidrebisaTvis zogaderovnul problemebs gauTanabra.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi materialuri daxmarebis da programebis ganviTarebis gzaze 1973 weli SezRudulobis mqone adamianebisTvis imiT gamoirCeoda, rom moZraobis gamarjvebis weli iyo. magram, rogorc sociologi riCard skoCi aRniSnavs - sakvanZo movlenebi, xSirad, SeumCnevlad mimdinareobs, rameTu zustad aravis axsovs SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa uflebebis dacvisaTvis brZola rogor gadaizarda kanonSi. STambeWdavi iyo formulireba, romelic sityvasityviT imeorebda 1964 wlis mSvidobismoyvare amerikelebis samoqalaqo uflebebis aqts: “aranairi diskriminaciis daSveba ar SeiZleba mxolod SesaZleblobaTa SezRudulobis motiviT”. es muxli exeboda federaluri wyaroebidan dafinansebul nebismier proeqts, Tumca, 1973 wlis kongress igi erTxelac ki ar mousmenia da ar uxilavs. skoCis azriT, kongresi an saerTod ar yofila informirebuli am mimarTebiT, an igi “banalobad” CaTvala. miuxedavad zemoTxsenebuli muxlis kategoriulobisa, fordisa da karteris administracia xarjebs moerida da ar dauSva misi miReba

 skiTxisadmi aseTma midgomam saprotesto talRa aagora: 1977 wels hiumani saTaveSi Caudga ajanyebas. asze metma demonstrantma “daipyro” janmrTelobis, ganaTlebis, socialuri dacvis departamentis Stab – bina san- franciskoSi. analogiuri aqcia vaSingtonSi 28 saaTSi aRkveTes, radganac departamentis ministrma jozef kalifanom gankarguleba gasca demostrantebisaTvis SeewyvitaT produqtiT momarqageba da satelefono kavSiri.   san-franciskos saxelmwifo aparatis TanamSromlebi, robertsis CaTvliT, TanaugrZnobdnen moZraobas da yvelafers akeTebdnen gaficulebis sakvebiT, TeTreuliT da SxapiT uzrunvelsayofac ki. ocdaordRiani winaaRmdegobis Semdeg kalifano danebda da xeli moawera 504 muxlis misaRebad aucilebel dokumentebs. sazogadoebrivi daumorCileblobis,  Tavisuflebisa da janmrTelobis riskis fasad SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone adamianebma aRafrTovanes eri.

umweosa da yovlisSemZles Soris

gansxvavebuli adamianebis

imiji masmediaSi

qaTami Tu kvercxi?

am statiaSi piter radke aanalizebs mediis istoriul imijsa da “pasuxismgeblobas” socialuri stereotipebis damkvidrebasa da masTan brZolis gzaze. winamdebare interviuSi is aanalizebs SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa mWidro urTierTobis perspeqtivebs wamyvan mediebTan, rac udaod Seuwyobs xels am ukanasknelTa imijis gaumjobesebas.

Zalian xSirad mesmis, gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis sayvedurebi masmediis warmomadgenelTa mimarT maTi imijis damaxinjebis gamo. SesaZloa saqme araswori imijis Seqmnis mcdelobas ki ara, ubralod, informaciis calmxrivobas exebodes. arsebuli rTuli situaciidan Tavis dasaRwevad Cven unda ganvixiloT orive mxare – masmedia da gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi TavTavianTi molodinebiTa da moTxovnebiT

am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi ori ZiriTadi kiTxva Cndeba: rogoria SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis imiji, mediis TvaliT? da ra saSualebebiT axdens zegavlenas maT mier Seqmnili imiji sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze? erTi SexedviT, es Zvel filosofiur problemas gvagonebs: ra gaCnda pirveli – qaTami Tu kvercxi? calsaxa  pasuxi ar arsebobs. arsebobs mxolod wyeba argumentebisa, orive mxaris sasargeblod. Tumca, Cvens konkretul SemTxvevaSi es arc  ise rTuli asaxsneli unda iyos.

media aris sazogadoebis produqti, rac srulebiT ar niSnavs imas, rom is uklebliv unda aRiqvamdes arsebul urTierTobaTa niuansebs. medias axali horizontebis gaxsniT, garkveulwilad, Tavisi auditoriis aRzrda SeuZlia.

amitom analizis dawyebamde pirvel rigSi, unda Sedges gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stereotipebisa da crurwmenebis erTgvari nusxa.  mxolod amis Semdeg unda daisvas kiTxva -  rogor aRiqvams media am warmodgenebs da rogor iyenebs mas Tavisi miznebisTvis? mxolod amis Semdeg unda gavarkvioT realobis da fiqciis elementTa es nazavi ra zemoqmedebas axdens sociumze.

saukuneebis manZilze gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi bunebis Secdomad aRiqmebodnen. homerosi Tavis “iliadaSi” aRwers,  rogor dascinodnen olimpos RmerTebi koWl hefestos  da rogor gaaZeves igi samoTxidan. spartaSi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSvebs sikvdiliT sjidnen. Zvel aRTqmaSi adamianebi. romelTac garkveuli fizikuri SezRuduva hqondaT idevnebodnen samRvdeloebisagan. TviT germaneli reformatori martin luTeric ki Tavis dRiurebSi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSvebze ase wers: “monarqi rom viyo, am xeibrebs mdinareSi dasaxrCobad movisvridi” – o.

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebisadmi aseTma damokidebulebam nacistur periodamde gastana faSistebis mier 100 000 fizikurad da sulierad daavadebuli adamiani iqna ganadgurebuli.

droTa ganmavlobaSi wamoWrilma axalma diskusiebma dabadebamde diagnozis dasmisa da SesaZlo abortis Taobaze, dagvanaxa rom am mimarTebiT dResac araferi Secvlila Cvens cxovrebaSi.  yovelive es imis safuZvels gvaZlevs, rom jerovnad SevafasoT mediis roli da davsaxoT am saqmeSi maTi “pasuxismgeblobis” gzebi.

ras niSnavs mas mediis pasuxismgebloba?

masmedia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebisa da e.w. Cveulebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone moqalaqeebs Soris, imdenad, ramdenadac am ori socialuri jgufis uSualo kontaqti mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi xdeba. miuxedavad “integraciisaTvis” anu rogorc dRes mas uwodeben “CarTulobisaTvis” gaweuli didi Zalisxmevisa, bevr evropul qveyanaSi, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi jer kidev gariyulad cxovroben. mSoblebi sakuTar Svilebs arideben gansxvavebul bavSvebs da maTTan urTierTobas, arqiteqturuli da sakanonmdeblo barierebi xels uSlis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maT monawileobas. am or jgufis  urTierTobaSi ignorireba da SiSi dominirebs. warmodgenebi, romlebic Cveulebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebs aqvT SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone Tavisive qveynis moqalaqeebze, ZiriTadad, swored rom gazeTidan, radio da televiziidan miRebuli informaciis wyalobiT yalibdeba.

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa

negatiuri imiji

masmedia SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamians imTaviTve mxolod negatiuri mxridan warmoaCenda. uZvelesi droidan, boroti personaJi aucileblad igivdeboda SezRudulobis mqone adamianTan. rodesac aseTi SesaZleblobebis mqone adamiani Teatris scenaze gamoCndeboda is dacinvis an zizRis obieqti xdeboda xolme. sazogadoebisaTvis adamiani, romelic enas ukidebs sulelia – es aris sakmaod cnobili stereotipi. Tqven albaT gaxsovT Cexi kompozitoris bedrix smetanas opera “gacvlili patarZali”

filmebSi. mkvleli xSirad gamoirCeoda raRac fizikuri nakliT, gavixsenoT  filmi “londoni usixoxclo Tvalebi” (1939), romelic edgar valansis novelis mixedviT aris gadaRebuli. Zalzed kargi magaliTia 1932 wels gadaRebuli filmic “maxinjebi”, erTis mxriv, filmi cdilobs uaryos SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebze Seqmnili uaryofiTi warmodgenebi da maT maRali zneobis mqone individebad warmoaCens, romlebic swored am TvisebiT gamoirCevian TavianT, egreTwodebul Cveulebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone garSemomyofTagan. meores mxriv ki igive gmiri SurisZiebiT pasuxobs Tavis mwamebels. mayurebeli SeCveulia imas, rom es saSineli, patara arseba, araadamianuri, daundobeli xasiaTiT unda gamoirCeodes.

monstri da yovlisSemZle

meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi Seqmnili arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba erTgvari winapiroba aRmoCnda imisa, rom SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebTan mimarTebaSi medias axali xedvisaTvis miegno. isini mixvdnen, rom Zveleburad muSaobis ufleba aRar hqondaT.

sakuTar koncefciaze dayrdnobiT media ZiriTadad  ori saxis “personaJs” qmnida: individumebs, rogorc adamianTa im jgufis warmomadgenlebs, romelTac gansakuTrebuli movla da mzrunveloba sWirdebaT da gazviadebuli SesaZleblobebis mqoneT, raTa naklebad TvalSi sacemi yofiliyo maTi gansxvavebuloba. maTE zogjer “zebunebrivi adamianis” Tvisebebsac ki miawerdnen xolme.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Jurnalistebs SeeZloT auditoriis Tanadgomis imedi hqonodaT, radgan cxovelebs, bavSvebs da umweo adamianebs yovelTvis hqyavT Tavisi gulSematkivari. meore SemTxvevaSi ki saqme gvaqvs sensaciasTan, romelic yovelTvis ipyrobs yuradRebas. erTi ram unad gvaxsovdes: msgavsi filmi an reportaJi arasodes iqmneba im adamianebisaTvis, romlebsac SezRuduloba gaaCniaT. arsebobs erTi mkacri kanonzomiereba: msgavsi saxeebis Seqmna veras daaklebs radio-televiziebis reitingsa da gazeTebis tiraJs.

 mas Semdeg rac masmediis warmomadgenlebi auditoriis Tanadgomas“gainaRdeben” Tavs uflebas aZleven ufro sapasuxismgeblo reportaJebze izrunon. swored amitomac, bolo aTwleulebSi mediis mier warmodgenili SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi, rogorc aRvniSne “umweoni” an “yovlisSemZle - betmenebi” iyvnen.

terminSi “umweo” vgulisxmob adamians, romelsac sxvisi daxmarebis arseboba gareSe uWirs  anu mowyalebis pasiuri obieqtia. “yovlisSemZle-betmeni” ki gulisxmobs iseT adamians, romelsac zogjer imis gakeTeba SeuZlia, rac Cveulebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone adamiansac ki uWirs. aseTi iyo erTi usinaTlo mTamsvleli, romelmac everesti daipyro da erTi kidurebamputirebuli velomrboleli, romelmac mTeli msoflio Semoiara. Seiqmna filmebi da aqac saxeebi iseve damaxinjebulad arian warmodgenilni, rogorc zemoCamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi. amiT imis Tqma ki ar msurs, rom es filmebi da statiebi siyalbes asaxaven, aramed imisa, rom realoba maTSi mxolod nawilobrivaa warmodgenili. aseTi warmodgenebis Seqmna ki calmxrivi da saSiSia. calmxrivia imitom, rom aRweren SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianis cxovrebis mxolod erT mxares, da saSiSia imitom rom arainformirebul auditorias araswor warmodgenebs uqmnian.

masmediis zegavlena sazogadoebaze.

samwuxarod, me ver vxedav gzas, Tu rogor SeiZleba dezinformirebul sazogadoebaSi arasworad Seqmnili im calmxrivi warmodgenebis koreqtireba. romelTaA gamoc uZluri adamiani ar aRiqmeba individumad. umravlesobisaTvis igi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis jgufs miekuTvneba. maSin, roca Cveulebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqoneT, aravin moiazrebs romelime jgufis warmomadgenlad.

“erTi SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone kaci an qali moiazreba im imijiT, romelic sazogadoebas aqvs zogadad am adamianebze.”

zogierTi Cemi megobari SeiZleba SemekamaTos kidec, rom Cemi mosazreba ar Seesabameba realobas, radgan mediaSi gansxvavebuli adamianebi xSirad pozitiuradac arian warmodgenilni.

. 

 veWvob, rom es iyos sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis dadebiTad Camoyalibebis saukeTeso gza. SezRudulobis Tema Znelad gasayidi produqtia da, Tu Cven TvalTmaqcurad, Saqris etiketiani SesafuTiT SevecdebiT mis gasaRebas, xalxi male  igrZnobs arasasiamovno suns da Cven aRar dagvijereben.

aseve cnobilia, rom SezRudvebiT cxovreba uamrav problemasTanaa dakavSirebuli da Tu Cven SevecdebiT mis vardisfer ferebSi warmoCenas, realoba umal SegvewinaaRmdegeba. sxva mxriv ki, cxovreba arc iseTi uRimRamoa, rogorc es masmediaSia warmodgenili. Cven gvWirdeba obieqturi, miukerZoebeli, Seulamazebeli sinamdvile, rac Cvens yoveldRiurobaze zegavlenas moaxdens Tavisi Suq-CrdilebiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Cven kvlavac davmarcxdebiT. piradad me skeptikurad var ganwyobili  politikuri koreqtulobisadmi. uwin Sezruduli SesaZleblobebi da uaryofiTi personaJi erT mTlianobad aRiqmeboda. magram dRevandel dedeqtiur filmebSi Tu SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone piri mkvlelobaSi eWvmitanil personaJad aris warmodgenili, darwmunebuli unda brZandebodeT, rom filmis bolos rom is damnaSave ar aRmoCndeba,

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba

axali sityva evropul mediaSi

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa evropis forumma am inovaciuri movlenisadmi mzadeba jer kidev 2002 wels daiwyo. 2003 wels ki “SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa “evropuli wlis” siaxleTa da SesaZleblobaTa ukeT Seswavlis mizniT, evropis wamyvani mediis warmomadgenlebTan ramdenime Sexvedra Caatara.

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi sruliad Tavisufal da Tanasworuflebian gansxvavebul jgufs warmoadgenen. diax, isini “uxilav” moqalaqeebed aRiqmebian evropul sazogadoebaSi. ZiriTadad uyuradRebobis, erTgvari daRdasmulobisa da cru SexedulebaTa gamo. isini naklebad Canan mediaSi da SesaZloa, maT Soris sul ramdenimes eZleodes swored am sferoSi  samsaxuris povnis SesaZlebloba.

zogadad mas-mediis warmomadgenlebs aranairi survili ar gaaCniaT xeli Seuwyon SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebisadmi sazogadoebis uaryofiTi damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas, magram Tu msgavsi ram mainc xdeba, es mxolod ucodinarobis da mcdari SexedulebaTa gamo xdeba. magram Tuki isini ver axerxeben amas, xels mainc nu Seuwyoben SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebisadmi uaryofiTi da diskriminaciuli damokidebulebis gaRrmavebas.

mas-media mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sazogadoebrivi azris CamoyalibebaSi. magaliTad: Tu sareklamo rgolebsa da publikaciebSi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebs ufro xSirad warmoaCenen, amiT xels Seuwyoben SezRudulobis warmoCenas rogorc cxovrebis kidev erT elements. ufro metic, medias SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis uflebamosilebaTa ganmtkicebas, maT mier azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvas da aqtiur sazogadoebriv da politikur saqmianobaSi CarTvas, magram realurad  gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi warmoadgenen im uzarmazar auditorias, romelic dRes ignorirebulia. media industria namdvilad mets moigebs Tu saTanado yuradRebas dauTmobs SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianTa sakiTxebs.

2003 wlis 13-14 ivniss, q. aTenSi evrokomisiisa da saberZneTis janmrTelobisa da socuzrunvelyofis saministros erToblivi ZalisxmeviT warmatebiT Catarda kongresi - “media da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi”, romelic SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa “evropuli wlis” mTavar movlenad iqca.  kongresis yvela monawile aqtiur monawileobas iRebda siaxleTa ganxilvaSi.

evrokavSirSi gamarTulma SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa evropulma forumma miiRo deklaracia mediaSi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa mdgomareobis araadeqvaturi gaSuqebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. 

aseTi iyo “media da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi” Temaze gamarTuli ordRiani kongresis ZiriTadi mesiji, romlis drosac 300 meti evropuli mediis sakomunikacio saagentoebis, sxvadasxva Statebis mTavrobaTa, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi da akademikosebi saubrobdnen im sakiTxTa Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda Seewyos xeli SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis warmoCenas gazeTebSi, sareklamo rgolebSi, radiosa da televiziaSi. 36 gamomsvleli da arbitri monawileobda 6 plenarul sesiaSi, romelzedac ganxilul iqna Semdegi sakiTxebi: SezRuduli SesaZleblobebeis mqone pirTa mdgomareoba, da maTi warmoCena mediaSi;  evropuli mediis mowinave gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba axal ambebeSi. maTi imiji sareklamo rgolebsa da publikaciebSi, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa dasaqmeba da maTi ricxvis gazrda mediaSi, politikosTa roli da maTi mxardaWera.

monawileebi aseve SeTanxmdnen mudmivi qselis daarsebazec, romlis farglebSic evropuli mediisa da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa organizaciebis  warmomadgenlebi saerTo ZalebiT ganaxorcieleben “evropul deklaracias mediisa da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa Sesaxeb”.

kongresi grZelvadiani procesis pirveli nabijia. miuxedavad amisa mas mediisa da sareklamo industriis aqtiuri CarTva am procesSi da maTi mcdeloba  ufro aqtiurad warmoaCinos SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa sakiTxebi mediaSi, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa “evropuli wlis” pirvel konkretul Sedegad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

evropuli deklaracia mediisa da SezRuduli

SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa Sesaxeb.

Sesavali

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi arasakmarisad arian warmoCenili mediaSi da Zalzed dabalia maTi am sferoSi dasaqmebis ricxviTi maCvenebelic. udaoa, mas medias, romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sazogadoebrivi azris CamoyalibebaSi,  bevri ramis gakeTeba  SeuZlia am mimarTebiT.  dRes ki, im uzarmazar auditorias, romelsac SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi warmoadgenen, saTanado yuradReba ar eTmoba. arada, mediis industria bevrad met finansebs  miiRebda am sferos aqtiuri da adeqvaturi gaSuqebiT. LEDA            

aRniSnuli deklaracia Sedgenil da miRebul iqna 2003 wlis 13-14 ivniss, q. aTenSi Catarebul kongresze – romlis devizi iyo “media da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebi”. am kongress mediis sxvadasxva organizaciiebis, sareklamo da sakomunikacio kompaniebis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa da evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis 300-ze meti warmomadgeneli eswreboda. deklaracia miRebul iqna SezRuduli SesalZleblobebis mqone pirTa 2003 evropuli wlis CarCoebSi da madridis deklaraciis saerTo suliskveTebas iziarebs.

evropuli deklaracia mediisa da  invalidobis Sesaxeb.

“media da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebi” – evropuli kongresis warmomadgenlebma ganacxades rom isini:

• xels Seuwyoben wamyvani mediis seqtorSi saTanado cvlilebebis Setanas, maTi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis am seqtorSi CarTvasa da warmoCenas.
• gaaaqtiureben SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis warmoCenas yvela sferoSi.
• xels Seuwyoben im Temebis gaSuqebas mediaSi, romelic SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis da maTi ojaxis wevrebis ZiriTad sazrunavs warmoadgens.
• xels Seuwyoben SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis pozitiuri imijis damkvidrebas mediaSi, rac arc saqvelmoqmedo da arc samedicino mosazrebiT ar iqneba ganpirobebeuli da Seecdebian negatiuri stereotipebis rRvevas.
• waaxaliseben SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebisa da maTi warmomadgenlobiTi organizaciebis, Sezruduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis specifiuri mediis warmomadgemlebisa da wamyvani mediis warmomadgenlebis axlo TanamSromlobas.
• gazrdian mediis industriaSi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone dasaqmebul adamianTa ricxvs, gansakuTrebiT maT profesionalur dones.
• SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebisaTvis xelmisawvdoms gaxdian mediis saSualebebs.
• uzrunvelyofen xelsayrel samuSao garemos SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebisaTvis mediis industriaSi da zemo aRniSnuli sakiTxebis individualur organizaciebamde mitanas maTi Semdgomi ganxilvisa da damtkicebisaTvis.

gzebi, romelTa meSveobiTac SeiZleba

zemoaRniSnul mizanTa miRweva:

• samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba da iseTi strategiebis ganviTareba, romlebic xels Seuwyoben SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis CarTvas media organizaciebSi.
• Statebis gazrda media organizaciebSi da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis CarTva maT saqmianobebSi.
• Tanasworuflebianobis Sesaxeb treningis Catareba SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa media organizaciebis TanamSromlebisaTvis.
• momavali saganmanaTleblo wamowyebis waxaliseba, romelSic SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa sakiTxi media da komunikaciebis Semswavlel kursebze calke sagnad Seiswavleba.
• mowinave gamocdilebis gaziareba seqtorSi da progresis monitoringis waxaliseba.
• treningebisa da dasaqmebis programebis ganviTareba SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis mediis seqtorSi SeZlebisdagvarad CarTvis mizniT.
• media industriaSi samuSao adgilebis kontrolis xelmisawvdomloba.
• Sesabamisi teqnologiis ganviTareba da gamoyeneba SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa mediis saqmianobaSi ukeT CarTvis mizniT.
• axali evropuli forumis “media da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebi” qselSi gaerTianeba, rogorc Sedegi am deklaraciisa.

gamoCenili adamianebi

frida Kkalos cxovrebiseuli gza

 

1910 wlis 7 ivliss meqsikaSi mamiseul “cisfer saxlSi”  daibada frida kalo.-msoflios udidesi da yvelaze tragikuli bedis mxatvari 

frida energiuli da celqi bavSvi iyo. skolaSi is erT-erT buntisTavad iTvleboda. is saTaveSi edga biWebis jgufs, romelebsac Tavi oinebiT araerTi usiamovneba miuyenebiaT nacionaluri skolis profesorebisaTvis, swored am skolaSi gaicno fridam momovali meuRle, cnobili fermweri, diego rivera.

6 wlis asakSi frida poliomilitiT daavadda, miuxedavad amisa mas cxovrebis xalisi ar daukargavs. magram, rogorc amboben, gaWirvebuls qva aRmarTSi wamoewevao, da 18 wlis asakSi frida avtokatastrofaSi moyva. katastrofis Sedegad mas xerxemali, laviwis da menjis Zvlebi, neknebi da marjvena fexi dauzianda. frida iZulebuli Seiqmna erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi gaunZrevlad woliliyo loginSi.

fridasTvis warmoudgeneli iyo amden xnas  loginSi usaqmod wola. am mdgomareobaSi myofma fridam xatva daiwyo, da mas Semdeg ferwera mis cxovrebiseul profesiad iqca. usazRvro energiam da cxovrebis siyvarulma SeaZlebina mas fexze damdgariyo da warmoudgeneli SedegebisTvisac mieRwia..
fridas gamojanmrTeleba im dros saswaulad miaCndaT, momdevno 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi man araerTi operacia gadaitana, ris gamoc TveobiT mouwia wola. gausaZlisi tkivili misi cxovrebis mudmiv Tanamgzavrad iqca. igi fizikur tkivilsebs xan alkoholiT, xan narkotikebiTa da xanac sigaretiT  imsubuqebda.  Tumca, yvelaferma aman ver gaunela cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebiTi wvis dauokebeli wyurvili
1929 wlis 21 agvistos diego da frida daqorwindnen. Tumca, siyvaruliT Seqmnilma ojaxurma idiliam mxolod erT weliwads gastana. maT kavSirs spilosa da mtredis qorwinebas adarebdnen, radgan diego Sesaxedad uzarmazari mamakaci iyo, xolo frida tanmorCili, Txeli qalbatoni.

fridas namuSevrebis xilvisas, nebismieri adamiani mixvdeba, ras ganicdida is maTi Seqmins procesSi. ojaxis dangreviT da avtokatastrofiT gamowveuli tkivilis da wuxilis mZafri gancdebi tiloze gadahqonda. miuxedavad amisa, frida mainc Zalian mxiaruli da komunikabeluri adamiani iyo. uyvarda Tavis stumrebTan erTad tekilas sma da mxiaruli simRera. is megobrebis sapatimcemulod dauviwyar saRamoebs awyobda. Sin Tu gareT, irgvlivmyofT yovelTvis aRafrTovanebda TvalismomWreli silamaziT.

am silamazis wyalobiT araerTi mamakacis gulic daupyria, maT rigebSi cnobili komunisti lideri, lev trockic moiazreba. fridas da trockis urTierToba swored maSin daiwyo, rodesac trockim Tavis meuRlesTan erTad fridas saxlSi TavSesafari hpova.

meqsikaSi, fridas samSobloSi, misi Semoqmedebis Tayvanismcemlebis raodenoba dRiTidRe izrdeboda. safrangeTSi cxovrebis periodSi, fridam franguli Jurnali ”vogi”-s simpaTiebic daimsaxura da misi foto am Jurnalis garekanze daibeWda. frida pikasos yvelaze sasurveli stumari iyo. amerikelebTac aranakleb moswondaT misi garegnoba da Semoqmedeba. meqsikeli Semoqmedis uricxv TayvaniscemelTaA Soris cnobili momRerali madona da holivudis msaxiobi robert deniroc arian. is msofiloSi yvelasaTvis sayvareli mxatvari iyo.

1953 wlis gazafxulze meqsikaSi fridas personaluri gamofena Sedga. am drosiaTvis igi iseT mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, rom eqimma loginidan wamodgomac ki aukrZala. arada, fridasaTvis warmoudgeneli iyo ar misuliyo pirvel gamofenaze, romelzec didixania ocnebobda. frida, ferida ra iqneboda Tu is beds Segueboda. gamofena ramdenime wuTis gaxsnili iyo, rodesac saswrafo manqanis sayviris xmam SeaSfoTa galereaSi myofi sazogadoeba. isini gancvifrdnen roca  frida kalo Tavis pirvel personalur gamofenaze sakaciT Semoiyvanes. misi sareceli sagamofeno darbazis centrSi dadges. stumrebi fridas  gars Semoexvivnen da Tayvani sces mas . im dRes frida gansakuTrebuli mWermetyvelobiT gamoirCeoda, mReroda, stumrebs amxiarulebda aTasnairi ambis  moyoliT. gamofena araCveulebriv sanaxaobad aqcia.…

magram, rogorc ityvian, kacma Wiri malao, Wirma Tavi ar damalao da imave wels fridas, gangrenis gamo, marjvena fexis amputireba dasWirda. Tumca, am faqtma mas xatvis survili ver daakargvina, piriqiT, is mTeli arsebiT mieca Semoqmedebas da swored maSin Seqmna Tavisi saukeTeso Sedevrebi. misi gansacvifrebeli avtoportretebis mTeli koleqcia ukvdavebas eziara.

1954 wlis 13 ivliss frida 47 wlis asakSi filtvebis anTebiT gardaicvala.

igi dasvenebuli iyo xelovnebis muzeumSi. misma axloblebma yvela misi sayvareli nivTi da samkauli Tan Caatanes. mas didi Savi gadasafarebeli da wiTeli vardebi faravda. fridas ukanasknel gzaze meqsikis yofili prezidenti lasaro kardenasi, cnobili mxatvrebi da mwerlebi miacilebdnen. sayovelTao kultad qceulma frida kalom aseTi gamomSvidobebiT, kidev erTxel cada Tayvaniscemlebis gacnvifreba.

misi ukanaskneli sityvebi iyo “aRarasodes davbrundebi, radgan, imedi maqvs, iqac mxiarulad viqnebi”.

me poeziiT vfarav siSores

erT mSvenier dRes, maisis TveSi, Teatralur sardafSi tradiciuli literaturuli “xuTSabaToba” gaimarTa. amjerad, poeziis moyvarulTa winaSe damwyebi poeti rati ionaTamiSvili warsdga Tavisi leqsebis pirveli krebuliT. “wyvetili xazebis bodva” ase qvia mis krebuls, romelic gamomcemloba “sani”- m gamosca. saRamos wamyvanma mweralma zaal samadaSvilma damswreT gaacno axalbeda poeti da sainteresod isaubra mis poeziaze. poetma da franguli literaturis mTargmnelma giorgi ekizaSvilma saqebari sityvebi ar daiSura poetis misamarTiT da Semdgomi SemoqmedebiTi warmatebebi usurva mas. bolos ki avtorma waikiTxa sakuTari leqsebi. im saRamos rati sasiamovnod daRlili meCvena da aqedan gamomdinare interviuc cota mogvianebiT Sedga:

rati, warmatebuli pirveli wignis prezentaciis Semdeg, sakuTar TavTan ganmartoebuls ra grZnoba dageufla?

ar vici ramdenad warmatebuli iyo Cemi pirveli wignis prezentacia, magram siamovnebis gancda namdvilad axlda. amdenma milocvebma, avtografebma, ucnob gogonebTan suraTebis gadaRebam, cota ki damRala, magram gamogitydebiT, momabezrebeli namdvilad ar yofila. emociurad datvirTuls sakuTar TavTan marto darCena yvelafers merCivna, magram megobrebs, romelTac gulwrfelad gaiziares Cemi sixaruli namdvilad ver mivatovebdi... ase gavatare is saRamo “martoobaSi” Tormet kacTan erTad.

iqneb gaixseno, rogor moxda poeziasTan pirveli ziareba da romeli iyo is leqsi, romelmac suli agiforiaqa?

nicSe ambobs: “unda gaxde is rac xar” _ me Zalian momwons misi es gamonaTqvami. mimaCnia, rom kacTa cxovreba sakuTar TavTan dabrunebis maradiuli procesia. cxovreba mudmivi Ziebaa im raRac mTavris, rasac namdvili “me” igive “ego” hqvia. bevri xom ise asrulebs Tavis cxovrebas, rom Tavis Tavs ver agnebs. poezia mudam miyvarda, magram SemoqmedebiTi impulsebi sami wlis win vigrZeni – raRac momewona, raRac momenatra da sityvac dameriTma. ase Seiqmna jer “lurji madona”, Semdeg “SeSlili gedi” da mivxvdi, rom es bediswera iyo, miuxedavad imisa msurda Tu ara…

rati neba momeci kiTxvas ra aris poezia Seni leqsiTve vupasuxo

-          ra aris poezia, igi leqsia?

-         da ara marto

is SeiZleba qalis sunTqva iyos,

anda Rimili uecari…

bgera da ritmi _ qari da xibli,

poezia ferweracaa da uxmo musikac,

skulpturis saxe da filmis eqspresia...

-          sad aris poezia?..

-          yvelgan da yvelaferSi…

-          da mainc?..

-          iq sadac ltolvaa, rwmena da xati

xom arafers daamatebdi?

albaT ara. naTqvamis gameoreba gamomiva…

erT-erT leqsSi Sen ambob, rom poezia tanjvaa... am lamazi tanjviT xom Semoqmedi bednierebisaken saval bilikebs eZebs...

poezia ar aris tanjva, Tumca tanjva SeiZleba iyos poeziaSi, rogorc saerTod cxovrebaSi. diax, mec bednierebisaken viltvi, magram Cemi gza biliks ki ara ufro orbitas hgavs, kosmosur sazrdos vewafebi, es ki Taviseburi tanjvaa, sasiamovno tanjva.

jer Seni leqsis striqonebs gagaxseneb

 « Cemma mobiluris operatorma

axali funqcia CarTo –

avtomTargmneli...

sakmarisia erTi sityva gaagzavno,

rom umal modis misi

inglisuri an qarTulis Sesatyvisi…

xSirad vsargeblob am servisiT,

gansakuTrebiT maSin,

roca marto var da minda vinmes davelaparako...

guSin yvelaze ubralo sityva gavagzavne,

ubralo da umTavresi _

love

pasuxi ar mimiRia…

rati Sen eWvob, rom sityva siyvarulis Setana marTla daaviwyda kacobriobas axal leqsikonSi?

RmerTma dagvifaros… ubralod misi deficiti albaT maradiulia… vfiqrob dRes ufro lamazi iqneboda sazogadoeba meti siyvarulis niWi rom qondes…

“samyaros ase gadasarCens”, ra gadamarCens?

CemTvis es rwmenaa Tavisuflebis.

“Sensken SenTvis gzas vikvlevdi

qardaqar,

msdevdnen Seni nazi xmebi

kvaldakval

TiTqos leqsebs qsovda sila

lamazad,

sio frTebze movardnila

narnarad.

axla qarsac me ar vagdeb

ararad,

radgan ar maqvs me am camde

dafarva,

sulSi ritmad dasurnelda

kamara,

msurs wvima da quxdes elva,

sada xar ?..”

rati, Sens sasiyvarulo leqsebs yovelTvis konkretuli adresati yavs?

es saintereso kiTxvaa… iciT, roca poeti sasiyvarulo leqsebs wers, sulac ar aris aucilebeli uyvardes konkretuli qali… SeiZleba Semiyvardes konkretuli Rimili, amosunTqva, vneba, kocna, cremli an gamoxedva… erTdroulad sami sxvadasxva qalisTvisac mimiZRvnia leqsi… SeiZleba egoisturad viqcevi, magram vfiqrob, amiT maT ufro met siamovnebas vaniWeb, vidre sakuTar Tavs…

leqsSi “ra stkiva ufals” TviTon RmerTic ki daeZebs bednierebas… iqneb igi TiToeul CvenganSia da mas ubralod aRmoCena sWirdeba…

bednierebis Rirseba mis ubraloebaSia. maxsendeba erTi germaneli poetis fraza: “bednierebas me ar daveZeb, bedniereba Cemi saqmea”… mTavaria, misi gaidialeba ar moxdes, Torem CemTvis isic bednierebaa, rom SemiZlia vinmes megobari viyo…

xom ar apireb, prozaSic mosinjo kalami?

me aqtiurad vmuSaob prozaSic, ubraloT jer araferi gamomiqveynebia… vfiqrob ukve damigrovda saTqmeli da male gavacnob sazogadoebas, Tumca Cems prozas etyoba, rom misi avtori ufro poetia…

ras usurveb mkiTxvels?

siyvaruls…

intervius uZRveboda

naTia gogolaSvili

(rubrika – kanoni #2)

saqarTvelos kanoni

saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsSi

damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb

muxli 1. saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsSi

(saqarTvelos ssr uwyebani #12, 1984 w. mux. 421) Setanil iqnas Semdegi damatebebi:

1. kodeqss daematos Semdegi Sinaarsis 178[1] da 178[2] muxlebi:

`muxli 1781. SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili pirobebis Sedgenisagan Tavis arideba.

SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebis sacxovrebeli, sazogadoebrivi da sawarmoo SenobebiT, transportiTa da satransporto komunikaciebiT, kavSirgabmulobisa da informaciis saSualebebiT sargeblobisaTvis, agreTve, Tavisufali adaadgilebisaTvis auculebeli pirobebis Seqmnisagan Tavis arideba, -

gamoiwvevs dajarimebas 300-dan 500 laramde.

muxli 1782 obieqtebis daproeqtebisa da mSeneblobisas SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis gauTvaliswinebloba

dasaxelebuli punqtebis daproeqteba da ganaSenianeba, sacxovrebeli raionebis formireba, saproeqto gadawyvetilebebis SemuSaveba, SenobaTa da nagebobaTa mSenebloba da rekonstruqcia am obieqtebis SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebisadmi misadagebis gareSe, -

gamoiwvevs dajarimebas 500-dan 800 laramde~.

muxli 2. am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 1781 muxli amoqmeddes 2003 wlis 1 dekembridan. saqarTvelos aRmasrulebelma xelisuflebam 2003 wlis 1 noembramde uzrunvelyos am muxlis amoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli salicenzio, sanebarTvo pirobebisa da sxva Sesabamisi saxelmwifo standartebis gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebeli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba.

muxli 3. es kanoni amoqmeddes gamoqveynebidan me-15 dRes.

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da

damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb

muxli 1. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi (`saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne~ I nawili, 1999 weli #41(48). mux. 209) Setanil iqnes Semdegi cvlilebebi da damatebebi:

muxli 1422. SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa uflebebis SezRudva

1. invalidobis motiviT SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTaTvis kanoniT an/da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT miniWebuli uflebis ganxorcielebaze uaris Tqma, ramac arsebiTad xelyo misi ufleba, -

isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis SezRudviT vadiT sam wlamde an/da Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT imave vadiT.

2. igive qmedeba, Cadenili:

a)   araerTgzis;

b)  samsaxureobrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT;

c)  rasac Tan axlda Zaladoba an Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqara;

d)  ramac mZime Sedegi gamoiwvia,-

isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis SezRudviT vadiT xuT wlamde an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT imave vadiT”

 es kanoni amoqmeddes gamoqveynebidan me-15 dRes

saqarTvelos prezidenti    eduard SevardnaZe 

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